Ilorin Journal of Science

Multi-disciplinary and Trans-disciplinary Approach to Attaining Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) and Aspects of Indian Indigenous Knowledge Systems

Rajat Kumar Pradhan — 2024-11-04

Starting with an encompassing definition and delineation of characteristics of the Indigenous knowledge systems, I specialize to Indian Indigenous Knowledge Systems and throw some light on their diversity and significance for the world in general. I examine the concepts of individual and social development in Indian Knowledge Systems and endeavor to relate them to the need for sustainable development after following a few centuries of western knowledge systems. Why it is that life, which was sustainable for millennia, has now become so unsustainable to the extent that hundreds of species are going extinct every decade and problems of environmental pollution and global warming are making us sit up with danger alarms ringing continuously? What is the solution offered by the Indian knowledge systems in this situation for the world?

Second-life battery sizing and integration in the power grid for clean energy reliability enhancement

Abeeb A. Adejare — 2024-11-04

The integration of renewable energy sources into the power grid is vital for mitigating climate change and achieving sustainable energy goals. However, the intermittent nature of renewables presents challenges to grid reliability. Repurposing second-life batteries (SLBs) from electric vehicles and other sources offers a cost-effective and sustainable solution for grid energy storage. This study proposes an effective application of SLBs in power systems using a Discrete Wavelet Transform-Radial Basis Function Neural Network (DWT-RBFNN) for SLB management. The method is validated through simulations, demonstrating optimal reliability results using reliability indices such as the System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI) and Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index (CAIFI). Specifically, the SAIFI drops from 33 to 9 times, and CAIFI decreases from 71.5 hours to 23.5 hours after SLB control implementation. This research contributes to enhancing power reliability and clean energy production using SLBs as a viable alternative to new batteries in grid applications.

Enhancing Efficiency and Performance of Non-Fullerene Acceptor-Based Organic Solar Cells with Graphene Interlayer via Numerical Simulation

O. A. Muhammed — 2024-11-12

Non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) based organic solar cells (OSCs) have the potential to be low-cost and highly efficient next-generation solar cells via interfacial engineering. Herein, we adopt a computational approach to analyse the effect of surface passivation material (graphene) in reducing interfacial recombination while also promoting the extraction of holes in an OSC architecture with the absorbing layer comprising a donor polymer poly[4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b;4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-(4-(2-ethylhexyl)-3-fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene-)-2-carboxylate-2-6-diyl] (PTB7-Th) and an NFA 3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(5-hexylthienyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2’,3’-d’]-s- indaceno [1,2-b:5,6-b’]dithiophene (ITIC-Th). SCAPS-1D software was used to model the impact of the graphene layer in the NFA-OSC by analysing the thicknesses of the graphene, absorbing layer, and hole transport layer (HTL), coupled with the analysis of the doping concentration of the HTL, the defect density of the absorbing layer, the interfacial defect densities at the absorbing layer/graphene and the graphene/HTL with the device structure: ITO/ZnO/PTB7-Th: ITIC-Th/Graphene/PEDOT: PSS/Au. A power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.2163% was obtained during the initial simulation of the device without graphene, while a PCE of 11.6607% was obtained for the device with graphene, showing a low recombination effect in the device. Upon carefully optimising the design of the device with graphene, an efficiency of 20.1967% was obtained, a 73% increase in efficiency over the initial design. This study demonstrates that the addition of adding graphene as a layer, helps to mitigate loss in energy and improves electric charge flow, making this solar cell efficient.

Health Risk Assessment of Trace Elements in Groundwater Around Marble Mine in Owa-Kajola, Southwestern Nigeria

K. O. Ibrahim — 2024-11-04

This study was carried out to assess health risk of trace elements in groundwater around marble mine in Owa-Kajola, Southwestern Nigeria. Groundwater samples were collected from twenty (20) hand dug wells and analyzed for trace elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn. The results show that concentrations of Cd (0.016 ppm) and Pb (0.20 ppm) are above recommended limits of WHO and NSDWQ which attributed to geogenic and anthropogenic sources. The average values of exposure dose in Fe and Zn are 8.898 mg/kg/day and 3.769 mg/kg/day respectively and above standard limits. In children, average Cd is 0.622 mg/kg/day which is < 1 while other trace elements are higher in values. The hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) values in adults and children are < 1 and these show that groundwater in study area is low non-carcinogenic risk. The average values for chronic daily intake (CDI) are < 1 and groundwater is less risk. The average carcinogenic risk values computed for Cd (6E-05 to 2E-04), Cr (8E-04 to 3E-03) and Pb (5E-02 to 2E-01) exceeded the recommended values of 10E-6 and 10E-4 in both adults and children with health implications such as kidney disease, lung cancer among others. High concentrations of some trace elements in analyzed groundwater could be from geogenic and anthropogenic sources in study area. Regular monitoring of groundwater in study area is recommended.

Reservoir Analysis and Fluid Effect Identification in Y-Field, Niger Delta Basin through Amplitude Versus Offset (AVO) Study

A. Ibrahim — 2024-11-04

Amplitude versus offset (AVO) analysis has been a useful technique for reservoir study and has played a vital role in reservoir fluid characterisation. This approach makes use of the variation of amplitude of seismic data with offset or angle and this has been applied to the study of reservoirs in Y-field for the purpose of maximum production. Zoeppritz equation was used to produce synthetics for AVO modeling while two-terms Aki-Richard equations were used to generate various AVO volumes ranging from Intercept (A), gradient (B) and Scaled Poisson’s Ratio Change (aA+bB) volumes. The results revealed good correlation between real seismic and Zoeppritz synthetics, an indication of good AVO modeling and a reliable AVO cubes. The reservoirs were classified as type II and Scaled Poisson’s Ratio Change clearly identified units with hydrocarbon accumulation discriminating it from the effect of lithology. Therefore, the study concluded that AVO analysis can provide critical parameters in fluid identification and discrimination.

Attribute Analysis in Reservoir Characterization and Discrimination, a Case Study of Y-Field, Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria

A. Ibrahim — 2024-11-04

Various parameters have been used in reservoir characterization, among them is the use of multiple attribute approach in which various seismic attributes of significance linked with various petrophysical properties were utilized to study the characteristics of Y-field reservoirs in Niger Delta basin. The study aims to identify the various hydrocarbon-bearing units for production optimization. Different attributes were extracted from the seimic amplitude data using relevant quantitative models. The study revealed that differences in Extract value indicated variation in background amplitude, Arc length variation responds to lithologic heterogeneity. Average amplitude and RMS revealed the presence or effect of hydrocarbon or geological structures or both, while Average energy and Maximum amplitude showed hydrocarbon presence only. Half energy revealed porous regions, Positive to negative ratio was able to define the reservoir thicknesses while net-to-sand ratio were revealed by Sum of magnitude maps. The study concluded that multiple attribute study can serve as critical tools for reservoir characterisation.

Biodiesel Production from Used Cooking Oil (UCO) using Kaolin Clay Catalyst: Effects of Calcination Temperature

P. A. Jeremiah — 2024-11-04

In this study, the catalysts were prepared and categorized as KC-raw and calcined catalysts. These are: RKC, KC-600 and KC-900. They were used directly in trans-esterification reactions without further treatment to determining its performance in producing fatty-acid methyl esters (FAME). The Kaolin clay sample treated at calcination temperature of 600℃ (KC- 600) for 4hours with reaction temperature 120 o C; catalyst loading of 3.5 wt% and methanol / oil ratio of 9:1 gave the highest yield of 51.09%. The catalysts KC-raw; KC-300; KC 600 and KC 900 where characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy- dispensive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Branauer-emmett-teller (BET), thermographic analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Fourier transform infrared spectral (FT-IR). X-ray fluorescence spectral (XRF) was also used to detect chemical composition of the catalysts and to gain insight into the structural changes that occurred at different calcination temperature which in turn determine their performance in trans- esterification reaction.

Effects of Beneficiation of Kaolin Clay Catalysts on Biodiesel Yield Using Used Cooking Oil (UCO)

P. A. Jeremiah — 2024-11-04

The effects of both acid and base beneficiations on Kaolin clay catalysts (KCC) were investigated. Unmodified Kaolin clay can be used directly as catalysts or catalyst support for production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Modification via calcination, acid or base beneficiation, addition of metal supports are often used to improve FAME yield. In this paper, 6M sulphuric acid was used to prepare the acid-beneficiated Kaolin clay catalyst. Also, 22.5% potassium hydroxide (KOH) was employed to prepare base-beneficiated Kaolin clay catalyst. Both beneficiated catalysts were characterized by FT-IR, SEM/EDX, XRD, TGA/DTA and BET. The acid-activated /beneficiated catalyst calcined at 600^oC for 4h with reaction temperature of 120^oC, catalyst loading of 3.5wt%, methanol to oil molar ratio of 9:1 and reaction time of 5h give the best yield of 67%, while base treated raw Kaolin clay catalyst with reaction temperature of 70^oC, catalyst loading of 15wt%; methanol/oil molar ratio of 14:1 and reaction time of 3h give the best yield of 78%.

Estimation of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Concentration in selected fruit samples by volumetric and UV-Spectrophotometry methods

I.K. Ayinla — 2024-11-04

Ascorbic acid is an important water-soluble vitamin required for neurotransmitter synthesis. Humans cannot manufacture ascorbic acid because they lack the gulonolactone oxidase enzyme, forcing them to rely on fruits and vegetables. Vitamin C is a six-carbon lactone which acts as an antioxidant in biological fluids and has therapeutic properties. The ascorbic acid content of ten (10) selected fruits was purchased from a local market across Ilorin metropolis and the concentration of ascorbic acid in these fruits was evaluated using volumetric and UV-spectroscopic methods. The findings are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Orange had the highest ascorbic acid concentration at 26.78 ± 2.19 mg/100g, while lemon had the lowest at 10.13 ± 1.54 mg/100g. When comparing the two methods, the spectroscopy method was found to be more effective than the titrimetric method for determining ascorbic acid levels. These findings clearly indicate that a wide range of fruits can be ingested to achieve the daily vitamin C requirements at a reasonable cost.

Application of Perturbation Method to the Solution of Non-periodic Dynamical System

B. M. Yisa — 2024-11-04

In this study, perturbation method is applied to obtain the solution of dynamical system which does not involve periodic solution. Perturbation method, being a semi analytical method, presents results in series approximation form, thus, the degree of accuracies with retention of different number of terms are studied. Nonlinearities of various forms are considered, with the level of agreements of their solutions presented in tabular form to facilitate ease of comparison. In all the problems selected from the literature, numerical results obtained revealed that retention of one or two terms in the solution suffices for a reasonable level of accuracy for dynamical system.

Guarding Against Hazard in Laboratories: Navigating Chemical Safety in The Modern Age

V. I. Akinmoladun — 2024-11-12

Chemical safety in laboratories is a critical concern in today's research and educational environments. The effective management of chemicals hazard is crucial to prevent accidents, injuries and environmental damage. More so, with the increasing complexity of chemical experiments and introduction of new materials, understanding and implementing safety protocols is more important than ever. Material safety data sheet (MSDS) and the globally harmonized system (GHS) are essential tools for ensuring chemical safety. While MSDS provides vital information on chemical handling, storage and disposal, GHS offers a standardized approach to chemical classification and labeling. This paper explores the importance of chemical safety in chemical laboratories and modern strategies for chemical safety, including risk assessment, personal protective equipment (PPE), and training programs, highlighting recent advancements and ongoing challenges in laboratory environments. By understanding the risks associated with chemicals and utilizing MSDS and GHS protocols effectively, laboratories and industries can minimize chemical hazards, promote a safer work environment and reduce environmental impact.

Variation of Equatorial Estimated Vertical Ion Drifts During Low Solar Activity

O. E Ehinlafa — 2024-11-04

Vertical ion drifts (v_z) estimated from F2-region peak heights was studied under the condition of international quiet days (IQDs) over Ilorin (lat. 8.31°N, long. 4.34°E, dip lat. 2.95^o) during low solar activity (LSA), a station located at the equatorial dip. The 10-international quiet days (IQDs) monthly means across each local time hour were used for the estimation. featured to two characteristics: the pre-noon and the post-noon peaks in the seasonal patterns. pre-noon peak magnitudes are 1.0, 2.4 and 6.4 m/s for December Solstice, June Solstice and Equinox respectively between 0700 LT and 0900 LT; and post-noon peak magnitudes are 0.6, 1.7 and 2.2 ms^-1 for December Solstice, Equinox and June Solstice respectively at 1700 LT. Another feature noticed is slight-transitory enhancement spikes in seasonal order with magnitudes of December (0.4 ms^-1) and June (0.5 ms^-1) Solstices, and Equinox (1.0 ms^-1) between 1200 LT and 1300 LT. Finally, featured pre-reversal enhancement (PRE) night peaks in all seasons. The PRE peak magnitudes are [(-0.1)–(-1.2)] ms^-1 at 2000 LT, [(-0.2)–(-4.0)] ms^-1 at 2200 LT, [(-0.6)–(-3.0)] m/s at 0000 LT and [(-0.5)–(-1.8)] ms^-1 between 0300 LT and 0400 LT respectively in all seasons. Similar phenomenal observation was noticed in the annual pattern. In general, magnitudes were greatest in Equinox (6.4 ms^-1) and least in Solstice (1.0 ms^-1). The continual steady fall in is caused by the speedily moving away of electrons from the equator due to solar ionization in all seasons.

In-Silico Analysis of Molecular Modeling and Prediction of ADME/Tox Properties of 2,4-dinitro-N-[(E)-[(E)-3-(2-nitropenyl)prop-2-enyildene]amino]aniline Hydrazone (DNEAA) and its Manganese (II) Metal Complex as Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Protease

K. O. Eberendu — 2024-11-04

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as the source of the worldwide coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the importance of creating innovative medicines as long-term solutions to battle coronaviruses (CoVs). The goal of this research is to create a new hydrazone ligand and its metal complex, characterize the synthesized compounds using appropriate physical and spectroscopic techniques, and perform molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and ADMETOX property prediction to gain a meaningful understanding of their biomolecular interactions. The findings suggested that LEU-37, HIS-100 VAL11, GLN 13, GLU46, LEU 12, VAL-15, VAL-25, and GLU-48 may play roles in the interaction of DNEAA and [Mn-(DNEAA)] with the active site of SARS-CoV-2. We therefore propose that the ligand (DNEAA) and its Mn(II) complex are strong inhibitors of the pathogenic NSP1 of the SARS-CoV-2 protease based on thorough in silico analysis.

Comparative Analysis of Nutritional and Phytochemical Properties of Fresh Tomato, Sundried Tomato and Processed Tomato Paste

O. O. Ibitomi — 2024-11-04

Tomatoes, Solanum lycopersicum, is a significant component of the human diet and the second-highest vegetable consumed and produced in West Africa. It offers a plethora of nutritional and medicinal benefits owing to its rich content of essential vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, and especially lycopene which helps prevent the development of some cancers. Tomatoes as a major food can be eaten fresh, dried, cooked and processed into a paste, this study aimed to compare the nutritional and phytochemical properties of Fresh tomatoes (FT), Sundried tomatoes (SDT), and three varieties of the same brand of processed tomato paste (Gino Tomato paste, (GTP), Gino Pepper and Onion Paste (GPAOP), Gino Party Jollof (GPJ) from the local market at Owode, Offa, Kwara State to ascertain whether they compare favorably well and are a good substitute. The Proximate analysis involved quantifying key Nutrients such as (Ash, Moisture, Protein, Crude- fibre, Fat, and Carbohydrate) and the qualitative analysis identified Phytochemicals such as (Saponins Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Tannins, Glycosides, and Phenols) in the five samples of Tomatoes. SDT had the highest amount of Saponins of 19.5% while the FT had the least 8.2%. GPAOP has the highest quantity of Alkaloids (53.9%). There was no significant difference in the amount of Flavonoids in the five samples. The highest value of Crude protein (38.28%) was found in the SDT while the GPAOP had a reasonable amount of Crude fat (12.71%) so exceeding others. The results provide scientific evidence about the secondary metabolites and nutritional importance of Tomatoes whether fresh sundried or processed as good substitutes.

Exploring the Awareness of Chemistry Students towards Renewable Energy for Energy Conservation and Carbon (IV) Oxide Reduction in Secondary Schools in Lagos District II Environment

R. S. Ogundaini — 2024-11-04

Nigeria's dependence on fossil fuels has led to a fuel crisis, making renewable energy better option. Despite rapid advancements, less attention is given to renewable energy education in developing countries like Nigeria. This study was carried out to explore the awareness of secondary school students towards renewable energy for conserving energy and carbon (iv) oxide reduction. The study used a descriptive survey design, randomly selecting six schools from three zones in Lagos District II with a population of 215 SS 2 students. Research questions were analysed using mean and standard deviation, while MANOVA was employed to test null hypothesis. The study found that the respondents are aware of renewable energy, but there is no significant contribution from secondary school chemistry students in reducing carbon dioxide and saving energy. The research suggests that renewable energy sources can serve as a reliable alternative to fossil fuels, reducing environmental impact while conserving energy.

A Mechanically Rechargeable Zinc-Air Battery for Off-Grid and Remote Power Applications

B. Aremo — 2024-11-04

Non-availability of grid-electricity in remote and rural areas presents a challenge for recharging secondary batteries. Mechanically rechargeable zinc-air batteries should mitigate this problem. This work reports a compact, mechanically rechargeable zinc-air battery built around the framework of an electroformed planar nickel mesh current collector. The battery performance was evaluated in longevity and polarization studies. Design and production of the planar, compact battery chassis was done using CAD and 3D printing. A zinc plate and 4-molar KOH were used for the anode and electrolyte respectively. The cathode is an air-breathing gas diffusion electrode that is pressed into the openings of the nickel mesh current collector. The battery electrodes each have a surface area of 400 mm² while the OCV was 1.32 V. From the polarization studies, at a voltage of 1.0 V a load of 710 Ω (or higher) can be imposed on the cell with the voltage remaining stable. The longevity test also shows that whilst powering a mini-DC motor for 6 hours, the polarisation potential depreciated only minimally.

Renewable Energy and Clean Environment: A Panel data Augmented Renewable Consumption Energy Solow Growth Model approach

I. Oloyede — 2024-11-04

As the global community need to transit from the fossil fuels era to a green economy with the use of renewable energy, this is an attempt to minimize the effect of global warming which occur due to war in the middle east, defunct USSR and as well as depletion of ozone layer which resulted from industrial revolution to this era of information revolution. Clean Renewable energy (CRE) proffers an essential panacea to the Structural Development Goal (SDP) problem. The motive of this study is to examine cohesively the growth rate renewable energy consumption to the (SDG) with respect to gross domestic product of west African countries. To achieve this laudable objective, the study employed a panel data Augmented Renewable Energy Solow growth model approach, obviously, the Solow growth model transforms Cobb Douglas production function.

The data used in the study were extracted from world bank database containing population, gross domestic products, gross fixed capital formation and renewable energy consumption for countries in west Africa. The period of study spanned between 2010 and 2022 across sixteen west Africa countries. A novel model named Augmented Solow growth model was proposed and adopted in the study. The findings of the study showed that renewable energy consumption and its allied variables contributed positively towards the SDG.

Mathematical Modeling of the Spread of False Information within Social Media

J. O. Ibrahim — 2024-11-04

One of the societal pollutions in our environment that requires overhauling intervention is the spread of false information. In this paper, we modelled the spread of rumor in a continuous and dynamic population of five compartments. We considered an incubation period which allows rumormongers to verify the authenticity of information received before spreading. Stability analysis of the rumor-free equilibrium (RFE) and the rumor-present equilibrium (RPE) was carried out. The RPE is a function of the reproduction number R₀. In order to annihilate the rumor, the results suggest that we should reduce R₀ continuously below 1. The results are numerically validated and discussed.

Effect of Biochar from Plantain Trunk Wastes’ Remediation on Microbial Community Dynamics of Crude Oil Contaminated Soil

O. F. Osisami — 2024-11-04

The effect of plantain trunk biochar (PTB) remediation on microbial community dynamics of crude oil-contaminated soil was studied. The microbial load in the experimental soil (both treated and untreated soil) significantly (p<0.05) increased as the remediation time increased from week 1 to week 3 after which a significant decrease was recorded for biochar-amended soil at week 4, while control treatment continued increasing. Soil remediated with 100%, Plantain trunk biochar, PTB had significantly (p<0.05) high microbial count (108.34±2.39to 207.67±5.34 x10^-2 Cfu/g) throughout the 4 weeks of the study. The high microbial counts in bio-remediated soil may be the result of the presence of appreciable quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus provided by the biochar which is a necessary nutrient for bacterial biodegradative activities. These higher microbial counts would favor hydrocarbon degradation and this study suggests that soil nutrient enhancement through biochar amendment biostimulates and optimizes bioremediation by increasing microbial biomass activities.

Dynamical Analysis of a Deterministic Bird-Human Avian Influenza Model

J. A. Akingbade — 2024-11-04

This article presents a transmission dynamics model and management of avian influenza. In order to analyze the effectiveness of this viral disease, that do occur from animal to human, vaccine, treatment and quarantine were used as intervention strategies. The qualitative properties of the model were examined with appropriate techniques using the Jacobian determinant, and the effective and basic reproductive ratios were computed using the next generation matrix. The bird population was classified into four groups, whereas there were seven divisions for people. To comprehend pandemic phenomena and how to regulate them, the dynamics of the model were examined. When effectively , the local stability analysis findings revealed that the DFE is locally asymptotically stable. The model, when simulated on different sets of parameter values, demonstrates that using the three controls together reduces the infection better than using either one or a pair of the controls

TEMPERATURE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOCHAR PRODUCED FROM PLANTAIN TRUNKS AGRO-WASTES

O. F. Osisami — 2024-11-04

The effects of different pyrolytic temperatures on char produced from plantain trunks were characterized for its pH, Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Ash, and Volatile matter contents. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that the pyrolysis can be done between a temperature of 48.55 to 553^oC for 30 mins at a nitrogen flow rate of 10^oC/mins. The initial and the final decomposition temperature (IDT and FDT) for the characterization were 250^oC and 550^oC). Results showed that pyrolysis of plantain trunk significantly (p<0.05) increases its pH from 8.37±0.01 (raw state) to 10.75±0.03 % and 10.96±0.03, P content decreases from 2.70±0.06 % (raw state) to 2.19±0.02 and 1.91±0.01% while N content decrease from 1.08±0.02 (raw state) to 0.93±0.03 % and 0.75±0.03 %. Ash content increases from 23.36±0.03 (raw state) to 70.96±0.03% and 36.46±0.29 %, while the volatile matter decreases from 76.74±0.14 (raw state) to 29.01±0.01 % and 63.54±0.29 %, at 250^oC to 550^oC respectively.

The effectiveness of Single and mixed Culture of Fungi Isolated from Oil-Polluted Soil in crude oil Degradation

R. B. Tomilayo — 2024-11-04

This study aimed to explore the potentials of indigenous soil Fungi with the best degrading ability for effective and perpetual remediation. Soil sample was collected from a polluted site in Gbokoda, Warri, Delta state. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium chrysogenum and Rhizopus stolonifer were isolated using standard microbiological procedures. The degrading ability of each isolates was examined for forty days at 28⁰C±2⁰C in an enriched medium containing 2% crude oil. From the degradation test results, the total mean dry weight of the mycelia increases as the residual oil and pH value decreased; proven mixed culture of the four fungal isolates having better degradative results, followed by A. niger. From this study, the pollution by crude oil should be avoided as much as possible. However, when it occurs, mixed culture of the four fungal isolates is recommended to remediate the spilled area. However, Aspergillus niger can as well be singly used.

Chemical Characterization of Colorants Isolated from the Fruit Juice of Anacardium occidentale (Cashew)

O. M. Ameen — 2024-11-04

This study focuses on isolating and characterizing colorant from Anacardium occidentale (Cashew) fruit juice. The juice was concentrated and fractionated into n-hexane (NH), methanol/dichloromethane (MeOH/DCM), methanol/ethyl acetate (MeOH/EA) fractions, and a residue. Phytochemical analysis and GC-MS were used to identify bioactive compounds, and the residue was further fractionated into 12 sub-fractions (AO_RF1–AO_RF12) and analysed with FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopic methods. Phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, and terpenoids were present in the MeOH/DCM, MeOH/EA fractions, and residue, with tannins and saponins found only in the residue. Key bioactive compounds, including co-pigments, were identified. The pigments interacted with cellulosic materials, suggesting their role in fabric staining. The study reveals the potential of Cashew fruit juice as a natural pigment source, with possible applications in textile dyeing. Further research is recommended to explore the full scope of A. occidentale pigments for industrial applications, including optimization of extraction methods and more in-depth studies on their use as natural dyes in various materials. Additionally, investigating the eco-friendly and sustainable aspects of these pigments in comparison to synthetic dyes is encouraged.

Integrating Aeromagnetic and Resistivity Data for Geologic Interpretation of Igbeti Schist Belt, Southwestern Nigeria: Implication for Mineral Exploration

H. O. Abubakar — 2024-11-04

To interpret the geologic features associated with the mineral occurrences in the Igbeti region of southwest Nigeria, which is confined by latitude 8⁰50^' N to 8⁰55^' N and longitude 4⁰ 15^' E to 4⁰20^' E, induced polarization techniques of electrical resistivity were integrated with high-resolution aeromagnetic data. Both datasets were processed and analyzed using various techniques to enhance interpretation. The resistivity data revealed anomalies whose resistivity values ranged from 0.05 to 284 and the chargeability values ranged from -3.89 to 5.77 mV/V indicating a great possibility of the presence of diamagnetic material associated with solid minerals. Depth to basement was established using source parameter imaging (SPI) and 3D Euler deconvolution methods. 3D Euler deconvolution produced depth results ranging from <10 m (shallow) to >30 m (deep). Additionally, shallow to deep magnetic sources with a range of 168.4 m to 679.1 m are seen according to the SPI depth estimate.

Geophysical Determination of Aquifer Parameters in Basement Complex Rocks through Vertical Electrical Sounding Data Analysis from part of Ilorin East Southwestern Nigeria

D. I. Ajayi — 2024-11-04

This research employed vertical electrical sounding data collected from the Ilorin East region of Southwest Nigeria to analyse aquifer properties within Basement Complex rocks. Its objective was to assess the aquifer's attributes in the area through statistical methods and electrical resistivity. Geoelectrical profiling revealed four distinct layers beneath the surface: lateritic layer, topsoil, weathered rock, and fresh basement. The third and fourth layers were identified at depths between 8.47 and 33.2 meters, with aquifer resistivity values ranging from 76.6 to 1576 Ωm. The fractured rocks in the region possess a moderate permeability due to moderate weathering. The aquifer's characteristics were evaluated based on four parameters: transmissivity, apparent resistivity, depth to bedrock, and aquifer thickness. The findings ranging from 0.74- 33.2 m indicate varying groundwater potential across the study area, ranging from low to high.

A Mathematical Model of the Diphtheria Infection

A. Y. Ayinla — 2024-11-04

This work considers the mathematical model of diphtheria disease. A five compartmental model was formulated to group the human population into susceptible (S), exposed (E), infectious (I), treatment (T) and recovered (R). The basic reproduction number ( ) of the model was established and was subsequently used to show that the formulated model is locally asymptotically stable ( ). The model was further analyzed with the aid of graphs, and the results show that despite the efficacy of diphtheria vaccine in the prevention of contracting the disease, the most important factor in the Nigeria case after the breakout of the disease is case detection. The more cases detected, the easier it would be to curb the infection.

Comparison of Computational Efficiency of Conjugate Gradient Methods

O. M. Bamigbola — 2024-11-04

Based on the defects in the two existing metrics, namely, the performance profiling, and a device which adapted the descent condition to the Cauchy-Schwartz inequality, another metric, the coefficient in the sufficient descent condition, is proposed for utilization. The proposed metric can be obtained by the use of practical computations with the CG algorithms

Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Analysis of Zerovalent Iron Nanoparticles from Cymbopogon Citratus and Vernonia Amygdalina Plant Extracts as a Means of Sustainable Development Goal

T.C. Bamigbola — 2024-11-04

Cymbopogon citratus and Vernonia amygdalina are tropical plants that are rich in phytochemicals which makes them to have antibiotic capability. Aqueous extracts of Cymbopogon citratus and Vernonia amygdalina leaves were used to produce Zerovalent Iron nanoparticles (ZVINPs) by reduction of ferric chloride solution. The ZVINPs were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry (FTIR) for the identification of functional groups. The antibiotic effect of the ZVINPs was tested on four isolates, each at five different concentrations of 100%, 10%, 7.5%, 5.0% and 2.5%. The results showed that the efficacy of the Cymbopogon citratus and Vernonia amygdalina ZVINPs against some biotic isolates were 36% and 34.3% respectively. Also, FTIR spectroscopic measurements identified 4 functional groups and showed that the ZVINPs had no peak at 430-860 cm^-1, indicating that the iron has been reduced to its zerovalent form by the extracts. Thus, the phytochemicals present in the extracts served as effective reducing agent and the isolates were inhibited moderately at peak concentrations. The study concluded that the prepared ZVINPs had moderate antibacterial potential

Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-malarial Activities of the Ethanol Extract of the Leaves of Cassia Fistula

O. M. Ameen — 2024-11-04

The Synthetic drugs are expensive, scarce, and time-consuming, while plant-derived substances are bio-friendly, cheap, culturally accepted, and compatible with the human body system with minimal side effects. This study aims to investigate the phytochemical and anti-malaria activities of the Ethanol Extract of Cassia Fistula Leaves.

The pulverized leaves of Cassia Fistula were extracted with ethanol and investigated for phytochemicals and characterized with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS). The extracts were further fractionated into n-hexane and dichloromethane fractions which were tested against malaria parasites using an animal model.

The results of the phytochemical analysis indicate the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins, triterpenoids and glycosides in the ethanol extract. The antimalarial analysis results revealed some activities in the dichloromethane (1.2 % inhibition) fraction, while the n-hexane fraction was 0.2 % inhibition. The results of the GCMS analysis indicate the presence of cis-Vaccenic acid, Hexadecanoic acid, Octadecanoic acid, Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester, Octacosanol, 1-Heneicosanol. These studies have revealed the potential of the extracts of the leaves of C. fistula as a candidate for the development of new useful drugs.

Smart Environmental Solutions: Integrating IoT for Environmental Health and Sustainability

A. O. Borisade — 2024-11-04

This research introduces an IoT-enabled environmental monitoring device designed for real-time measurement of pollutants and critical environmental parameters. Integrated with multiple sensors and an ESP32 system-on-chip (SoC) development board, the device transmits data via Wi-Fi, facilitating remote monitoring and reporting. It monitors pollutants like ozone, methane, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen gas, and tracks atmospheric pressure, humidity, cloud cover, and light intensity, providing insights into weather patterns, climate change trends, and ecosystem impacts. Real-time data visualization and storage support early disaster warning systems and regulatory compliance. The device contributes to scientific research by providing data for studying pollution sources, atmospheric chemistry, and climate dynamics. Accessible environmental monitoring data fosters public awareness and education, empowering individuals and communities to advocate for clean air policies and adopt sustainable practices, promoting environmental stewardship and the well-being of current and future generations. Tested with a solar-rechargeable battery, it ensures long-term, uninterrupted usage without human intervention.

Efficacy Evaluation of Ocimum gratissimum Stem Extract as Mosquito Repellent

K. L. Idris — 2024-11-04

Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease which poses a significant threat to human health globally. This research was designed to find out the efficacy evaluation of Ocimum gratissimum stem extract as mosquito repellent. Ocimum gratissimum stems were harvested from different locations within Abuja. Solutions of ethanol (20%), acetone (20%) and aqeous(20%) extracts were prepared and tested on mosquito larvae and adult mosquitoes for repellency and knockdown. Results from this study indicate that 80% of mosquito larvae were killed by ethanol extract, with no mortality recorded for acetone and aqeous extracts. Further more, the ethanol extract repelled 37.5% of mosquitoes while both acetone and aqeous extracts repelled 25% each. All extracts exhibited 0% knockdown on the mosquitoes. Phytochemical investigation revealed that all extract contains flavonoid, phenol and tannin. Higher larvicidal effect was observed in ethanol extractas a result of its ability to extract some potent phytochemicals in higher concentration due to its polarity compared to other solvents. In conclusion, stem extract of Ocimum gratissimum only controlled mosquitoes at the larva stage. It is however recommended that ethanol stem extract of Ocimum gratissimum should be employed in the formulation of larvicide.

Geochemical Characterization and Gemological Suitability of African Gem Tourmalines, Nigerian Tourmalines: A Case Study

R. O. Jimoh — 2024-11-04

Tourmaline, a versatile gem-mineral with a diverse array of colours, has long captivated gem enthusiasts and researchers alike. Nigeria is a significant source for gem-quality tourmalines, highly prized for their vibrant hues. This study presents a comprehensive geochemical analysis of Nigerian tourmalines, aiming to elucidate their compositional variations and gemological significance. Analytical results revealed moderate SiO₂ (av. 45.68%) and Al₂O₃ (av. 34.40%), but depletion in the other major oxides. Incompatible elements are significantly concentrated in a few of the analyzed samples, making Cs the most variable (0.05 - 8863.00ppm), suggesting different petrogenetic processes and sources of magmatic or hydrothermal fluids, thus providing insights into the genesis and evolution of the host rocks. Elevated Be values (>10,000ppm) were observed for some samples, confirming tourmaline’s use as an exploratory tool for other mineralizations. All the studied tourmaline samples plot into the fields of Li-rich granitoid pegmatites and aplites of the Al-Fe-Mg plot.

Thermal Characterization of Luxeon Star White LED on Plastic Heat Sink: Face and Rear Back Analysis via Digital Thermocouple and Thermal Imaging Camera

A. B. Magaji — 2024-11-04

Effective thermal management is critical for the performance and lifetime of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), as high temperatures can damage performance, shorten lifespan, and diminish light output. The purpose of this study is to analyse and evaluate the thermal behaviour of the Luxeon Star White LED at both the top and back surfaces under different driver currents (100, 200, 250, and 300mA). The thermal behaviour was assessed using digital thermocouples and thermal imaging cameras, with temperature readings recorded over a 120-minute period. The findings show that the rear back surface consistently has lower temperature rises than the top surface, indicating more effective heat dissipation. At a driver current of 300 mA, the thermal resistance for the top surface was much higher (about 263.3°C/W) than the rear back surface (about 60°C/watt). Furthermore, running the LED at lower driver currents (100mA) resulted in the smallest temperature increase, showing negligible thermal stress. These findings highlight the need of optimizing heat management solutions for various LED surfaces. The study identifies the rear back surface as a vital region for improved cooling solutions and proposes that lower running currents can greatly reduce thermal stress, improving LED lifespan and performance. This study adds to our understanding of LED thermal behaviour, guiding the development of more efficient heat sinks and cooling methods to progress LED technology and applications.

Geophysical Investigation of Fracture Distribution in the premises of Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute (NSPRI), Ilorin

S. Olatunji — 2024-11-04

This work aimed at studying the geological fracture system in the study area. It gives an insight into the proper infrastructural planning such as the location of high-rise buildings, septic tank locations, groundwater exploration, etc. Aeromagnetic and Very Low Frequency (VLF) techniques were employed to investigate fractures within the Nigeria Stored Product Research Institute (NSPRI) premises in Ilorin. A reconnaissance magnetic anomaly map encompassing longitude 4°33'10" - 4°33'30" and latitude 8°27'10" - 8°27'40" was generated from aeromagnetic secondary data collected by the Nigerian Geological Survey Agency (NGSA) via aero-surveys over the Nigeria surface area. Conversion to data format and data processing were accomplished utilizing Oasis Montaj 6.4.2 9(HJ) software. Analysis revealed a series of minor fracture signatures and lineament trends with two major northeast-trending fractures, 401 m and 560 m long, in the premises of NSPRI. For confirmation three VLF profiles were run across the major strike of the detected major fractures. The real component signal of the first profile ranges from (-56 to 66 %), second (-18 to 18 %), and third (-12 to 20 %) while the imaginary component signal of the first profile ranges from (-16 to 20 %), second (-27 to 4 %) and the third (-13 to 21 %). Interpretations, using karous-Hjelt filtering software, show real and imaginary crossovers which is a signature of fractures on these three profiles. This confirmed the two prominent fractures earlier detected. In conclusion, the area shows that there are minor fractures in the NW - SE and SW - NE directions and two major fractures are in the direction of NW - SE direction and VLF-EM survey confirms the presence of the two major fractures detected in the area.

Quiet time Variation of the Geomagnetic H-component strength over Ilorin, North Central Nigeria

K. A. Yusuf — 2024-11-04

The study of the geomagnetic H-component variation during the geomagnetic solar quiet days, sq(H) was investigated using the horizontal (H) component hourly data from geomagnetic field measurement from a ground based MAGDAS (Magnetic Data Acquisition System) fluxgate magnetometer for a period of twelve (12) months in the year 2008.The location of the measuring instrument is at Ilorin, an equatorial electrojet station located at the geomagnetic coordinates (-1.82⁰ and 78.90⁰) and geographical coordinates (8.50⁰ and 4.68⁰) respectively. Results of the investigations show a noon-time-peak value for all the months considered. It was observed that the magnitude of the Sq(H) shows an increase in amplitude from dawn to noon and a decrease to the minimum daytime value. The variations in the geomagnetic field at this location can be attributed to the combined effect of latitudinal variation, influence of solar activity conditions and E X B field.

Pharmacognostic Evaluation, Antimicrobial activities and Phytochemical Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants used in Folkloric Medicine for Wound Treatment

B. Z. Arowolo — 2024-11-04

Plants have been used for thousands of years to treat wounds. Poly herbal formulations (PHF) are efficacious in enhancing therapeutic effectiveness and reducing toxicity of individual plants. Ocimum canum and Balanites aegyptiaca were combined in ratio of 1:3; and extracted with ethanol. Physicochemical evaluations were carried out on the individual plants and their combination. In addition, the extract of the polyherbal formulation was subjected to qualitative, quantitative phytochemical and antimicrobial analysis. The results obtained from the qualitative phytochemical screenings indicate the presence of tannins, saponin, terpenes, steroids, flavonoids and alkaloids in the extract. Quantitative analysis revealed total flavonoids, phenols, and tannins present in the combined herbal extract are 295.133mg/g, 71.8644mg/g and 29.2375mg/g respectively. The extracts of the combined plants exhibit some significant level of antimicrobial activities. The significant amount of tannins and flavonoids in the PHF extract suggests the antimicrobial properties of the combination and can be an effective remedy for wound infection and healing.

Soybean Nutrient Management Through Bradyrhizobium japonicum Inoculation: A Pathway to Sustainable Agriculture

D. A. Adeshina — 2024-11-04

Field experiments were conducted to study the impact of Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation on soybeans in the 2020, 2021, and 2022 cropping seasons at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Abuja, Gwagwalada. The experiment included three soybean varieties (TGX 1485-1D, TGX 1448–2E and TGX1987–10F) and two levels of inoculant arranged in a randomized complete block design in 54 plots. Standard agronomic practices were followed, data collected for growth and yield parameters, and analyzed using ANOVA (P ≤ 0.05) with significant means separated using Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) with 'agricolae' package in R (version 4.2.2). The mean yield obtained ranged from 2685kg/ha to 3038.5kg/ha for the three different varieties. Inoculated plots performed better in terms of growth and yield parameters compared to the control and is recommended as it is eco-friendly, enhances soil fertility, and positively affects grain yield.

Optimization of Apiary Products using Crisp Deterministic Method

A. Azagbaekwue — 2024-11-04

Apiculture is the scientific method of beekeeping that enhance the availability of honey bee products. Designing a model that considers the foraging activities of the worker bees is the main focus in this paper. Crisp deterministic method was adopted in solving the problem while foragers were classified into pollen foragers, nectar foragers and water foragers using real data obtained from a bee farmer in Obior, Aniocha North Local Government Area, Delta State. The result obtained shows that distribution of beehives in the apiary in connection to source of food and water will maximize the products of honey bee, reduce competition and death among foragers and thereby improve the output.

Provenance and Paleoclimatic assessment of the shales penetrated by Erekiti borehole in the Dahomey basin, Nigeria

M. Bolaji — 2024-11-04

The shales from the Araromi Formation penetrated by the Erekiti borehole in the Dahomey basin were analyzed for their source area and paleo weathering conditions. Ten (10) samples were subjected to X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The major oxide revealed an abundance of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃(average 32.81 wt.% and 13.11 wt.% respectively) and depletion of TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, CaO, MgO, and MnO, while the trace elements present includes an abundance of V, Cr, Zr, Sr, Zn, Ba and depletion of Sc, Co, Ni, Cu, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Nb, Mo, Pb, Th, and U. The results shows that the shales are associated to intermediate to felsic igneous origin under a very low weathering intensity. The mineralogical composition reveals quartz, gypsum, and calcite as the most abundant and the presence of other accessory minerals such as Kaolinite, K-feldspar, and plagioclase. The high percentage of quartz and gypsum confirmed the low weathering condition.

Upward Continuation and Reduction to Equator Filters on Aeromagnetic Data of parts of Bida Basin, Nigeria

T. A. Issa — 2024-11-04

To enhance the aeromagnetic maps covering six data sheets encompassing the Mokwa, Egbako, Bida, Lafiagi, Pategi, and Baro regions of the Bida Basin, Nigeria, this research employs two magnetic filtering techniques. The aim is to refine the maps for a better representation of the study area. The study intends to improve the interpretation of aeromagnetic data by better identifying depth discrepancies and differentiating between shallow and deep-seated magnetic sources within the surveyed region using upward continuation (UC) and reduction to the magnetic equator (RTE) filters. Variations in anomalies observed in both total magnetic intensity and reduction to the equator can be attributed to lithological differences, depth variations, strike angles, magnetic susceptibility variations, or the presence of basement complex rocks with varying concentrations of magnetic materials.

Band gap energy determination by Absorption Spectrum Fitting (ASF) procedure and Lattice parameter for different composition of CdxZn1-xS thin films

O. O. Olasanmi — 2024-11-04

Cadmium zinc sulphide (Cd_xZ_1-xS) thin films have been chemically prepared unto glass substrates from CdS/ZnS bilayer and its post thermal annealing. Structural and Optical properties of the deposited Cd_xZ_1-xS thin films were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction revealed a cubic structure with (111) preferential orientation. The lattice constants was determined using the Nelson-Riley plot analysis and the result obtained showed that the lattice parameters increase with increase in Cd composition. Starting with the Tauc model, the absorption spectrum fitting technique (ASF) was used in obtaining the optical band gap energy. The values of the direct band gap energy were seen to be in the range of 3.67 and 3.77 eV and depend on Cd_xZn_1-xS composition. The reported optical properties of Cd_xZn_1-xS ternary compound prepared under this present condition make the thin films useful as a buffer layer in thin film solar cells.

Keywords: Band gap energy, Williamson-Hall, Crystallite size.

Seismic data analysis and Petrophysical Studies for Hydrocarbon Evaluation of "FEM" Field, Niger Delta, Nigeria

A. O. Oluyemoh — 2024-11-04

A comprehensive 3D seismic interpretation and petrophysical analysis was performed on the 'FEM' Field in the Niger Delta. The objective was to integrate petrophysics and seismic data analysis for the assessment of the hydrocarbon potential of the field. Gamma-ray logs were used to delineate seven reservoirs, which were then correlated throughout the field to confirm the lateral continuity of these reservoirs. An in-depth petrophysical analysis of the 'FEM' well indicated that all the reservoirs contain oil and are all oil-down-to. The average petrophysical parameters of the reservoirs were estimated, revealing a porosity of 29%, water saturation of 27%, shale volume of 0.1, and a net-to-gross ratio of 0.034. The reservoirs delineated on the logs were transferred to the seismic record using the checkshot data from FEM- 3&4 wells and the synthetic seismograms. Six horizons were mapped across the entire study area, and time and depth maps were created to determine the structural architecture and the geometry of the reservoirs in the 'FEM' field. Two major faults were identified, trending in the NW-SE direction, with the structural traps located in the southeastern part forming a fault-assisted closure. All the wells were drilled targeting the crest of this closure. The Root Mean Square amplitudes generated for all the levels indicated the lateral extent of the reservoirs, but they did not conform to the structure and thus, are not direct indicators of hydrocarbons. The original oil in place in the 'FEM' field is estimated to be 2.35 billion barrels.

2-D Spectral Analysis of Aeromagnetic Anomalies over Parts of Bida Basin, Nigeria

T. A. Issa — 2024-11-04

The average depth of magnetic sources was estimated in some portions of the Bida Basin. A 2-D spectral analysis of aeromagnetic anomalies over six aeromagnetic map sheets, each spanning an area of ½° x ½° on a scale of 1:100,000, was carried out. To identify residual features and draw attention to the more intense anomalies in comparison to the strong regional gradients, data augmentation techniques were used. Adopted techniques include various filtering approaches, trend surface analysis, and computations reducing to the equator. The result shows the two-depth source model of the part of the basin with an average depth of the deeper magnetic sources at 3.26 km, which corresponded to the magnetic basement surface. This layer may be associated with intra-basement characteristics including faults and fractures, lateral changes in basement susceptibilities, and magnetic rocks found in the basement. There are magnetic intrusive bodies within the sediments, as evidenced by the average depth of 1.22 km and a range of 0.68 km to 2.32 km for the shallower magnetic sources. The magnetic source's average depth of 3.26 km to the basement indicates a sufficient sedimentary thickness for potential hydrocarbon accumulation. The undulating nature of the basement surface may create traps for hydrocarbons, suggesting that the possibility of hydrocarbon accumulation cannot be ruled out.

Comparative Study between Lead and Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells: Insights from SCAPS Software Analysis

M. A. Salawu — 2024-11-04

This paper presents a comparative study between lead-based and lead-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) utilizing Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS) software. Perovskite solar cells have garnered significant attention due to their high efficiency and low-cost fabrication. However, concerns regarding the toxicity of lead in traditional PSCs have prompted the exploration of lead-free alternatives. Through simulation using SCAPS software, this study investigates the performance metrics, such as efficiency and material properties, of lead and lead-free PSCs to provide insights into their potential as sustainable alternatives for photovoltaic applications. Results show that methyl-ammonium lead iodide (MAPbI₃) and Formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI₃) perovskite solar cells exhibit efficiencies of 16.68% and 16.65% respectively. The lead-free methyl-ammonium tin iodide (MASnI₃) and methyl-ammonium germanium iodide (MAGeI₃) achieved efficiencies of 16.59% and 12.42% respectively. The findings suggest that while lead-free perovskites offer promising alternatives, further optimization is necessary to match the efficiency of their lead-based counterparts.

Designing CRISPR-Cas9 Constructs to Target the SIFSR Gene in Tomato Varieties Pusa Ruby and UC82 for Extended Shelf Life

S. E. Adeboye — 2024-11-04

This research focuses on the strategic design and implementation of CRISPR-Cas9 constructs to target the Solanum lycopersicum Shelf-Life Food Regulator (SlFSR) gene in two tomato varieties, Pusa Ruby and UC82, to extend post-harvest shelf life. Precise gene editing was done by meticulously selecting target sites within the SIFSR gene and optimizing guide RNA sequences. The CRISPR-Cas9 cassettes were PCR-amplified, cloned into vectors, and ligated to generate the final constructs. Subsequently, these constructs were introduced into both tomato varieties using appropriate delivery methods and transformation protocols. Our findings underscore the importance of precision engineering techniques such as cloning, PCR, and ligation in leveraging genetic editing for agricultural purposes. This research contributes insights into refining CRISPR-Cas9 technology for targeted genetic modification, particularly in enhancing the shelf life of fresh produce, thereby promoting sustainable food practices.

Geological, Geotechnical and Geophysical Investigation of Gully Erosion in Ilorin, Kwara State Nigeria

P. A. Amao — 2024-11-04

Geological, Geotechnical and Geophysical investigations were carried out on some selected gully sites in Ilorin with the aim of unravelling the underlying factors that causes the formation or aid the gully development. Reconnaissance assessment of the area revealed that the area is underlain by Basement Complex rocks. The soils of the area are products of insitu weathering of the underlying basement rocks. A total number of 39 soil samples were obtained systematically at three distinctive lithologies for geotechnical analysis. The test includes Sieve Analysis, Atterberg Limit test and Shear strength. The results of the laboratory test revealed that the soil at the gully site are predominantly Sands which range from 20-85%, with mean of 40.6%. Uniformity coefficient (cu) range from 3.5 – 18.9 and coefficient of curvature (cc) range from 0.5 – 3.4. This indicates that the soil from the gully sites are within the medium to coarse grain with very low percentages of fines (silts; range from 2-11% with average of 6.9% and clay 3-46% with average of 19.1%). The liquid limit (LL) ranges from 19.0-50% with mean of 32.8% and the Plasticity index (PI) range from 9.3-27.3% with mean of 15.7%. With regard to the aforementioned characteristics, the soils at the gully sites are loose sands with low amount of fine fraction, hence, cohesionless and are easily exposed to agents and factors of gully erosion. The results from the geophysical analysis shows that the geoelectric layers have high resistivity values which shows the presence of low plasticity and friable gravelly sand which constitutes part of the overburden across the study area. This research addresses to a great extent, the effect of local geology, geotechnical properties of the underlying soils, geophysical properties of the lithology associated with human activities on the formation of gully sites.

Palynology and Paleoenvironmental Studies of Kinnasar -1 Well in Bornu Basin, Nigeria

R. I. Obaro — 2024-11-04

Palynological analysis was carried out on ditch cutting samples obtained from Kinnasar-1 well penetrating the Gongila and Fika Formation of Cenomanian to Turonian age in the Bornu basin. Lithostratigraphic studies revealed that the well mainly intercept shale lithology. Based on palynomorphs associations, three main palynological zones was established in Kinnasar-1 well. Quantitative approach applied to paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the basin indicated a shallow non – depositional environment with moderately high content of terrestrial influence than the marine origin. The dominance of index species of miospores, pollen taxa and few dynocyst are indicative of marginal marine environment. However, the predominance of shallow marine environment is attributed to strong terrestrial influence and weak marine dynocyst.

Influence of Thermal Treatment on the Optical Properties of Zinc Oxide and Titanium Oxide for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Application

S. I. Akinsola — 2024-11-04

The optical properties of one of the components of a Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) were reported using a photoanode prepared with zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium oxide (TiO₂) in conformity with Doctor Blade’s technique. The prepared photoanodes were characterized with UV-vis spectroscopy. The ZnO and TiO₂ photoanode exhibits high transparency (≥ 60 %) to photons. The modified photoanode, with ZnO-TiO₂(ZTO) composite, revealed an improved light transmittance over TiO₂. The energy band gaps obtained for ZnO thin films as-prepared and annealed are 3.93 eV and 3.98 eV, respectively, and 4.08 eV and 4.14 eV, respectively, for the TiO₂ as-prepared film and the annealed film. The ZTO composite lowers the absorption in the visible region. The results obtained provide improved photoanode for DSSC application, compared to using unannealed semiconductors.

One-pot Synthesis and Characterization of 1,10-dimethylphenanthrolinium Sulphate Derivative

M. T. Baker — 2024-11-04

A new 1,10-dimethylphenanthrolinium sulphate ionic liquid synthesis was accomplished in a one-pot procedure in a three-neck flask using symmetrical 1,10-phenanthroline (PHEN) derivative. The synthesis involves the alkylation of PHEN, followed by sulphonation and acetylation to yield the desired product. Comprehensive characterization was carried out using techniques such as Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Fourier Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR), to confirm the purity, functional group and the structure of the compound. The infrared spectral studies using a FTIR spectroscopic technique revealed absorption bands 3534, 1644, and 1226 cm^-1which correlates to quartenized nitrogen (NR₄⁺), a carbonyl (R-C=O) and an asymmetric sulfone in the synthesized compound. ¹HNMR analysis provided important signals at 4.39 ppm assigned to -N⁺(C)C), a three proton singlet peak at 2.16 ppm assigned to -C(=O)O and another single proton doublet peak at 10.06 ppm assigned to -S(=O)(=O)-R. The ¹³C NMR spectra exhibited four distinct signals in addition to all expected signals for the carbons. These signals include; a triplet carbon at 144 ppm assigned to –S(=O)(=O)-R, a singlet carbon showing peak at 175.4 ppm indicating –C=O of an acetyl, singlet carbons showing peaks at 50.9 ppm and 19.3 ppm indicating two aliphatic carbons respectively which confirms the synthesis of a new compound. The synthesized phenanthroline derivatives opens new channels of research for the discovery of more important derivatives with novel functionalities and applications.

Artificial Intelligence for Improving Accessibility and Availability of Assistive Devices in Low-Income Countries: A Review

M. O. Alabi — 2024-11-04

Assistive technology is any device or product which helps people with disabilities retain, grow, or enhance their functional ability either permanently or temporarily. They consist of various equipment and devices such as walking frames, contact lenses, hearing aids, wheelchairs, pacemakers and many more. Low and middle-income nations face multiple challenges in improving access to assistive technologies, including manufacturing low-quality devices, financial limitations, and insufficient government funding, resources, and infrastructure. This paper reviewed and discussed the impact of AI in improving the accessibility of assistive technology to people in low-income countries. The review discovered that manufacturers who produce the devices, government support policies, user interface and enlightenment about the devices contribute to improved access to assistive technology by users in low-income countries. This work recommended the adoption of Artificial Intelligence as a tool to aid people with disabilities by presenting new opportunities for improved accessibility, promoting inclusivity and functionality in society.

Preparation and Characterization of Biodegradable Diethanolamide Surfactant from Cotton Seed Oil

F. R. Abdulkadir — 2024-11-04

The heavy reliance of cosmetics, paint, and other manufacturing industries on edible plant-based oils has driven up the cost of these oils, leading to a significant imbalance between their domestic and industrial usage. With a projected population surge on the horizon, competition for these oils between domestic and industrial sectors could escalate, potentially creating an unsustainable situation for consumers. To address this challenge, this research explores and characterizes biosurfactants derived from cottonseed oil as an alternative fixed oil source. This renewable source shows promise as a commercial raw material for feedstock and oil-based industries, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 11 (SDG 11) on sustainable production. In this study, diethanolamide biosurfactant was prepared from cottonseed oil using established analytical methods. The modified product was characterize using UV-Visible and Fourier Transform – Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy.

Fabrication of Novel Electrodes from Graphene oxide, Cerium oxide Nanoparticles, Acetylene black and their Composites

H. I. Adegoke — 2024-11-13

In this study, novel electrodes were fabricated from graphene oxide, acetylene black and cerium oxide (CeO₂) nanoparticles. Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized using Hummers method, cerium oxide (CeO₂) nanoparticle was synthesized using precipitation method. Acetylene black electrode (ABPE) was also prepared from acetylene black and solid paraffin. CeO₂ nanoparticles was dispersed into GO and a homogeneous CeO₂-GO nanocomposite suspension was obtained by ultrasonic sonication. The prepared CeO_2-GO nanocomposite was composited on the prepared ABPE to form CeO₂-GO/ABPE. The prepared electrode was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The electrochemical studies were conducted by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in a solution containing potassium ferrocyanide and potassium chloride as the supporting electrolyte. Specifically, for the bare ABPE, the anodic peak potential was -0.1253 V, cathodic peak potential was 0.4245 V, anodic peak current was 3.8407E-05 A/cm², and cathodic peak current was 4.2695E-05 A/cm². The CeO₂-GO/ABPE electrode revealed anodic peak potential of 0.37628 V. The characterization results suggest the suitability of the electrodes to be potential candidates for the detection of heavy metals.

Adsorption of Rhodamine B by Egg Shell Hydroxyapatite

O. K. Yusuff — 2024-11-13

Agricultural waste has been severely reported as a low-cost and efficient adsorbent for the removal of pollutants including dyes from waste water and industrial effluents. This study investigates the optimum conditions for the efficient performance of chemically activated egg shell as an efficient biosorbent for the removal of Rhodamine B (RhB) from aqueous solutions. The adsorbent was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The optimum adsorption capacity of egg Shell hydroxyapatite was determined through batch adsorption experiments. The effects of initial RhB concentration, pH, contact time and temperature on the adsorption capacity were studied. Egg shell hydroxyapatite showed maximum adsorption capacity of 6.5 mg/g at an acidic pH of 3. The rate of Adsorption was found to increase with increase in temperature and contact time. The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, indicating chemisorption as the rate-limiting step. The adsorption isotherm data were well-fitted to the Langmuir isothern model, suggesting monolayer adsorption of RhB onto the egg shell hydroxyapatite surface. Overall, egg shell hydroxyapatite showed great potential as an effective and sustainable adsorbent for the removal of Rhodamine B from aqueous solutions.